What is the risk of using toxic metals in epidural electrodes?

Using toxic metals in epidural electrodes poses a significant risk of neurotoxicity due to ion release. Certain metals, when exposed to the body’s environment, can leach ions that are harmful to neuronal cells and tissues. This neurotoxic effect arises because these ions may interfere with normal cellular functions, potentially leading to cellular damage or apoptosis. For instance, heavy metals such as lead or mercury can disrupt ionic balance and cellular signaling.

The presence of toxic ions can induce inflammatory responses, contributing to long-term complications such as pain, neuropathy, or other neurological deficits. Therefore, ensuring that electrode materials are biocompatible and do not release harmful substances is crucial for patient safety during neuromonitoring procedures.

In contrast, the other options do not directly relate to the fundamental risks associated with the use of toxic metals in medical devices like epidural electrodes. Improved conductivity, while an attractive property, does not address the health risks. Increased costs and reduced lifespan of electrodes may arise as external factors, but they are not the primary concern compared to the potential for neurotoxic harm from ion release.