Which area of the spine is characterized by small pedicles, long spinous processes, and large inter-vertebral foramina?

The thoracic region of the spine is distinguished by several anatomical characteristics that include small pedicles, long spinous processes, and large inter-vertebral foramina. The small pedicles contribute to a narrower spinal canal compared to the cervical and lumbar regions, while the long spinous processes provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments in the back. This anatomical structure allows for a greater range of motion in the thoracic spine, though it is less mobile overall due to the attachment of the ribs.

The large inter-vertebral foramina in the thoracic region facilitate the passage of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord and innervate the upper body and organs in the thoracic cavity. These foramina are larger than those in the cervical region, which accommodates the structure and function of the thoracic spine.

In contrast, the cervical region features small bodies and very large foramina for the cervical nerves and vertebral arteries, while the lumbar region typically has large bodies and shorter spinous processes to provide support for lifting and carrying. The sacral region is fused, which further distinguishes it by lacking intervertebral foramina in the traditional sense.

Understanding these anatomical features is critical for neurophysiological monitoring, as they influence the positioning and techniques